The following is from an old issue of Hed HaMizrach and has not been republished to the best my knowledge. I did not have time to try to identify all the people and issues referred to in the letters. For instance, he says רק אל הגאון מווירצבורג דראוי לגלות לו סוד I assume that implies that R Yosef Dov Bamberger was on the side of R Tzvi Hirsch. The R' Auerbach referred to is R Meir Auerbach of Jerusalem who opposed the plan because of possible repercussions from the Sultan and because of the difficult Halachic issues that farming the land would raise. I do not know what the כתבים נגד הגאון מאלטונא refers to. I would assume that this refers to R Yaakov Ettlinger who is the last person worthy of the totle but I did not find anything Rebbetzin Bleich's book on Ettlinger that this could be referring to.
Monday, August 31, 2009
Friday, August 21, 2009
Jewish Warsaw December 1868(?) from the letters of Miriam Merkel
The following is an excerpt from the letters of Miriam Merkel from here. I believe that the article I posted here was also written by the same Miriam but I am not sure about the last name. An interview with the publisher of Miriams letters can be found here:
"הימים אשר אשבה פה יחלופו לי כתמורות קדחת; פעם אבקר בבתי הטיאטראות, ושם אשבע עונג ממראה עיני וממשמע אזני; או אבקר בבתי רעים ומכירים אשר נודעו לי מכבר, ואשר הכרתי זה מחדש; או אשוטט ברחובות קריה בחברת אחי, ושם יקדמוני מחזות ממחזות שונים, כדעת לנבון נקל בעיר גדול לאלהים כווארשא, אשר תהום מאדם רב, והמון לאומים יתערבו ויתבוללו בה, שונים בלשונותם ומלבושיהם; וביתר שאת אשתעשע אם אפגוש ברחוב איש חסיד, שלש אמה ארכו וטפחים עביו, מעילו ארך שולים יורד על רגליו, ויסחב על רצפת האבנים כסרח העודף; והוא עולה מן הרחצה, הלוך וטפוף ילך; פאות ראשו דקות ושדופות קדים, משחק לרוח הנה, ונוטפות מי מקוה, ובפגשו אשה על דרכו, יעות פניו ויסב ראשו אחורנית כאלו אחזהו השבץ".
Translation (sort of):
The days that I reside here [in Warsaw] go by like the passing of a fever. Sometimes I go to he theatre and I revel in what my eye sees and my ear hears, or I visit friend that I knew in the past but recognize only recently, or I go travel through the streets of the city together with my brother, and I am greeted by many different sights, as one can expect to see in a great city like Warsaw, that clamors with many people, and many nationalities mix together divided by their clothing and language. And still greater is my enjoyment when I meet in the street a Chassid, 3 Amos wide and 2 Tefachim thick[1], his coat long, the lapels going down to his legs, dragiing on the floor like the train of a gown, arising from washing [in the mikvah], walking with exact steps. His pe'ot thin and windblown, like a game for the wind, dripping waters of the mikvah water, and if he meets a woman, he will turn hs face and jump backwards as if he was grabbed by a seizure.
[1] Miriam was a misnagid like most maskilim as can be seen by her condemnation of Eliezer Zweiful for his Shalom Al Yisrael defneding Hasidism. I don't quite get this expression, I assume she means "short and fat".
Thursday, August 20, 2009
Letter of HaRav baal HaShach to a Christian scholar
can be found here with a follow up from the Noda B' Yehuda's son.
The letter is really interesting and I hope to get back to it.
(Would appreciate if anyone can tell me if the letter has been discussed anywhere else?)
From EJ:
During the period he was rabbi in Holesov he became friendly with a Christian scholar. In the library of the academy in Leipzig there is a holograph of a Hebrew letter dated Feb. 3, 1660, which Shabbetai wrote "to him whom I love as myself, the philosopher magister Valentino Wiedreich." Shabbetai informs him that he has sent him the book of Elijah Baḥur and asks him to keep in touch with him (Bikkurei ha-Ittim, 10 (1829), 43–44).
The letter is really interesting and I hope to get back to it.
(Would appreciate if anyone can tell me if the letter has been discussed anywhere else?)
From EJ:
During the period he was rabbi in Holesov he became friendly with a Christian scholar. In the library of the academy in Leipzig there is a holograph of a Hebrew letter dated Feb. 3, 1660, which Shabbetai wrote "to him whom I love as myself, the philosopher magister Valentino Wiedreich." Shabbetai informs him that he has sent him the book of Elijah Baḥur and asks him to keep in touch with him (Bikkurei ha-Ittim, 10 (1829), 43–44).
Wednesday, August 19, 2009
Ashes to Ashes: On controversies surrounding cremation
In the old Jewish cemetery on the Island of Lido in Venice, I noticed the following Urn which appears to contain ashes from a cremation.
The explanation as it seems is that there was a movement for cremation among Italian Jews around a century ago. My freind S. sent me the following report from the Reform Rabbi Gotthard Deutsch's Scrolls V. 2 pg. 24-5:
Highly significant is the recently recorded fact that the chief rabbi of Rome, Vittorio Castiglioni[1], had ordered that his body be cremated. An orthodox paper chronicled the fact that this rabbi was considered a conservative, and had declared to a correspondent of that paper his regret at his inability to guide the congregation according to orthodox principles, and not long before his death, he participated in a discussion on the prohibition of solemnizing marriages during the closed season between Passover and Shabuoth, saying that a Minhag must be kept sacred. Nowhere has the transition from a strict orthodoxy and mystic conception of religion to complete abandonment of religious life been more marked than in Italy.
This is very much a minority opinion. In fact, cremation is consideredso very antithetical to normative Judaism, that the mere suggestion that a Cremated Jew be buried in a Jewish cemetery set off a wave of protest.
In 1904, the Rabbi of Altona, R Meir Lerner published an article in HaMeasaf and then a pamphlet containinga Teshuva that A - Permitted moving corpses from a cemetery if the Gov't required this (very much a contemporary issue as well), 2 - forbidding the burial of cremated ashes in a Jewish cemetery. This ruling was in direct contradiction to the rulings of his predecesors R' Yaakov Ettlinger and R Mordechai Hirsch who forbade removing the graves under any circumstances. The son-in-law of the aforementioned R' Hirsch, Rabbi Dr. Ehrentrau published a small pamphlet refuting R Lerner entitled Cheker Halacha that can be found here.
In response, Rabbi Lerner published a volume Chayei Olam (obviously referring to the denial of Techiyas HaMeisim that cremation is supposed to represent) in which he gathered a nice mix of letters from such diverse Rabbis as the Rogatchover, Aruch Hashulchan, Beis Yitczhak, Aderet and Sdei Chemed agreeing with his p'sak. However these letters are abridged (a second volume containing the full text of the letters was planned but never appeared.) and have a tendency to repeat the same phrases that Lerner used in his article (cf. Shnayer Leiman's article on the Gra and R Yonoson Eibschutz.)
Interesting is Lerner's comment that:
Wheras R Ehrentrau insists that iti is R Lerner who is the בעל מחלוקת
[1] Rabbi Castigolioni (or Yitzchak as he usually signed his articles) was quite a fascinating figure in hiw own right. He published a book Pe'er Adam on Darwin's theory of evolution (I can't find this online yet) and was also a close friend of the great poet Rachel Morporgu (he published a colection of her writings under the name Ogev Rachel)
The explanation as it seems is that there was a movement for cremation among Italian Jews around a century ago. My freind S. sent me the following report from the Reform Rabbi Gotthard Deutsch's Scrolls V. 2 pg. 24-5:
Highly significant is the recently recorded fact that the chief rabbi of Rome, Vittorio Castiglioni[1], had ordered that his body be cremated. An orthodox paper chronicled the fact that this rabbi was considered a conservative, and had declared to a correspondent of that paper his regret at his inability to guide the congregation according to orthodox principles, and not long before his death, he participated in a discussion on the prohibition of solemnizing marriages during the closed season between Passover and Shabuoth, saying that a Minhag must be kept sacred. Nowhere has the transition from a strict orthodoxy and mystic conception of religion to complete abandonment of religious life been more marked than in Italy.
This is very much a minority opinion. In fact, cremation is consideredso very antithetical to normative Judaism, that the mere suggestion that a Cremated Jew be buried in a Jewish cemetery set off a wave of protest.
In 1904, the Rabbi of Altona, R Meir Lerner published an article in HaMeasaf and then a pamphlet containinga Teshuva that A - Permitted moving corpses from a cemetery if the Gov't required this (very much a contemporary issue as well), 2 - forbidding the burial of cremated ashes in a Jewish cemetery. This ruling was in direct contradiction to the rulings of his predecesors R' Yaakov Ettlinger and R Mordechai Hirsch who forbade removing the graves under any circumstances. The son-in-law of the aforementioned R' Hirsch, Rabbi Dr. Ehrentrau published a small pamphlet refuting R Lerner entitled Cheker Halacha that can be found here.
In response, Rabbi Lerner published a volume Chayei Olam (obviously referring to the denial of Techiyas HaMeisim that cremation is supposed to represent) in which he gathered a nice mix of letters from such diverse Rabbis as the Rogatchover, Aruch Hashulchan, Beis Yitczhak, Aderet and Sdei Chemed agreeing with his p'sak. However these letters are abridged (a second volume containing the full text of the letters was planned but never appeared.) and have a tendency to repeat the same phrases that Lerner used in his article (cf. Shnayer Leiman's article on the Gra and R Yonoson Eibschutz.)
Interesting is Lerner's comment that:
וידעתי כי במדינות הנאורות נקל למצוא לעומת רב אחד שאוסר לקבור אפר הנשרפים הרבה מורים המקילים, ולא בלבד המורים המכחישים בתורה שבכתב או כתורה שבע"פ אלא נם מאלה אשר עודם מחזיקים ביסודי תורתנו הקדושה, כי יותר נוח לאמר מותר לכל אשר יאבה רוב המון העם ולנטות אחריהם, מלעמוד כנגדם ולעצור בעדם ולהטותם בע־כ מני דרך עקלתון כי דרך מרוצת המים כל ספינה תוכל ללכת בלא משוט וחבלים, אבל הספינה הבאה ללכת גנד מרוצת המים תצטרך למנהיג המוליכה בכח ידו. ומה שאמרו חז"ל העולםירון אחר רובו(קדושין מ׳ עיב) ראיתי למי שפי׳ דאינו דוקא רוב המספר בכמות אלא בתר רוב זכיות אזלינן, וכמ"ש הרמבים בהאי תשובה שאין חשבון הזכיות במספר אלא במשקל וכל מה שתתמעט היראה אצל הרכים, יוםיפו היהירים המחזיקים בתומתם זכות על זכות, וא"כ אף במדינות הנאורות יחידי סנולה האלה המה הרבים באמת, וכ"ש בנ"ד שרוב נחלי ישראל בכל ארצות פזורנו כבר הסכימו לאמור זיל בתר רוב בניין, אפי׳ לא הוי רוב מניין.
Rabbi Lerner neglects to name these Rabbis in "the enlightened countries who follow the masses"which include such luminaries as R Yitchak Elchonon and R Ezriel Hildesheimer(the following is from the response volume published by Shimon Deutsch defending Rabbi Ehrentrau):
אבל אז באשר הוכ־חתי ייתת פסק בדין אפר הנשרפין כבר נעשה מעשה בדין זה בעיר לונדון עפ״י ב־ד צדק דשם, והרב הגאון מרה יצחק אלחנן זציל הסכים עמהם. וגם בקהלתך פיורדא יע״א ראיתי בעיני שיש שם מצבת אבן רחוקה משורת הקברים וכאשר שאלתי מה הציון הלז, אמרו לי ששם מונח אפר איש אחד שצוה לשרוף את גווייתו אחר מותו, וגם בעיר פראנקפורט דמיין נעשה מעשה בקהלתו של הדר האראוויטץ עפ״י הוראת הרהיג מרה עזריאל הילדעסהיימער זציל כאשר הוגד לי,
Interesingly, R' Lerner insists that Meiklim ought to retract their p'sak for the sake of Jewish unity:
ומי יתן שהסורים שהקילו עד עתה יפתחו עיניהם וישוכו ויתאחדו עם כל עדת הרבנים היראים האוםרים, ולא תהיה תורה שלנו כשתי תורות אלא תורה אחת והמחזיקים בחורה שבע״ט לא יהיו כשני בתים אלא לבית אחד.
Wheras R Ehrentrau insists that iti is R Lerner who is the בעל מחלוקת
אחדש״ה קבלתי מכתבך וראיתיך מאונן ומקונן על פירוד הלבבות. על המריבות והמחלוקות שנתהוו בימינו אלה. וכי כנים דבריך כי על זאת ידוו כל הדווים ולא די שנחלקו קהלות ישראל לשתים ושלש כתות אלא שגם אותן שנאמנים לה׳ ולתורתו המה הולכים איש לדרכו, כל אהד בונה במה לעצמו, ואין להביאם במסורת האחדות, זה בונה וזה סותר, זה מתיר וזה אוסר. וכי לא ד׳ לנו במחלוקת הראשונים מדורות שלפנינו אשר השחיתו את כל חלקה טובה והשפילו את כבוד התורה דל, האם לא די הוכחנו בכל התוכחות ולא הוזהרנו בכל האזהרות שהזהירו לנו קורות הזמן ופגעיו
[1] Rabbi Castigolioni (or Yitzchak as he usually signed his articles) was quite a fascinating figure in hiw own right. He published a book Pe'er Adam on Darwin's theory of evolution (I can't find this online yet) and was also a close friend of the great poet Rachel Morporgu (he published a colection of her writings under the name Ogev Rachel)
Monday, August 3, 2009
Chavos Yair's Yair Nesiv
is finally online...
This is the introduction to his Eitz Chaim - which would have been one of the greatest Encyclopedia's on Jewish subjects ever created and shows the wide breadth of CY's interests and his great skill as a critical scholar.
A full length biography in German of R YC Bachrach by Prof D Kaufmann can be found here abridged in English (two parts) in the JQR.
This is the introduction to his Eitz Chaim - which would have been one of the greatest Encyclopedia's on Jewish subjects ever created and shows the wide breadth of CY's interests and his great skill as a critical scholar.
A full length biography in German of R YC Bachrach by Prof D Kaufmann can be found here abridged in English (two parts) in the JQR.
מצבת הרב בעל הסמ"ע ובנו
The Sema (AKA Derisha U Perisha):
Some notes:
1 - I wonder what is refered to by Keser Malchus, I assume this refers to his position as "Reish Mesivta" (apparently having 300 students,a huge amount for the time.) He was also very much involved in the ועד ארבעה ארצות hence the reference to תקנות לדורו and perhaps the Keser Malchus refers to this.
2 - The reference to commentaries on all Posekim - earlier and later - would imply that, at the very least, he also had commentaries on Rambam and Rosh. Presumably these were lost in the same fire with many of his other writings. Some of his Teshuos are in ShuT Geonei Basrai (IIRC), I would guess the rest are missing.
Sema's Son
Some notes:
1 - I wonder what is refered to by Keser Malchus, I assume this refers to his position as "Reish Mesivta" (apparently having 300 students,a huge amount for the time.) He was also very much involved in the ועד ארבעה ארצות hence the reference to תקנות לדורו and perhaps the Keser Malchus refers to this.
2 - The reference to commentaries on all Posekim - earlier and later - would imply that, at the very least, he also had commentaries on Rambam and Rosh. Presumably these were lost in the same fire with many of his other writings. Some of his Teshuos are in ShuT Geonei Basrai (IIRC), I would guess the rest are missing.
3 - No mention of his wife, Baila, the Sema cites her in the HaKdamah to Sema. Wikipedia quotes her son that:
בגמילות חסד, ביקור חולים ושאר מצוות. בהיותה בת חמישים עלתה לארץ ישראל, וכעבור שמונה שנים נפטרה שם בגיל 58, ונקברה סמוך לקברו של זכריה הנביא בהר הזיתים בירושלים (מתוך הקדמת בנו, ר' יוזפא, לחיבור דרישה ופרישה).
Sema's Son
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